Impressment

War of 1812

Hartford Convention

Politics after Jefferson (1815-1820)

• Discredited Federalists
• Increasing importance of economy ("Market revolution")
• Rapidly expanding franchise and democracy in the states.
• Rise of disputes over slavery and sectional tensions with westward expansion.

Market Revolution

Market revolution

• Rise of cash exchange.
• Ease of travel through the country.
• Fall of subsistence farming
• Increase of wage work.

"American System"

1. Tariff on imports
2. National Bank
3. Internal infrastructure improvements.

Erie Canal

Toussaint Louverture

William Crawford

Henry Clay

John Quincy Adams

Martin Van Buren

We must always have party distinctions, and the old ones are the best. … If the old ones are suppressed, geographical differences founded on local instincts or what is worse, prejudices between free & slave holding states will inevitably take their place.

• Martin Van Buren

The "Coffin Handbill"

Indian Removal

Edward Everett

"The evil, Sir, is enormous; the inevitable suffering incalculable. Do not stain the fair fame of the country. . . . Nations of dependent Indians, against their will, under color of law, are driven from their homes into the wilderness. You cannot explain it; you cannot reason it away. . . . Our friends will view this measure with sorrow, and our enemies alone with joy. And we ourselves, Sir, when the interests and passions of the day are past, shall look back upon it, I fear, with self-reproach, and a regret as bitter as unavailing."

• Edward Everett

Tariffs are taxes on imports

• Benefit particular industries (both workers and owners) who avoid competition.
• Benefits those who like the revenues.
• Hurt everyone else, especially those not fighting foreign competitors
• In 19C, especially hurt farmers.
• In the long term: can help build national capacity in a new industrial area
• Increase federal power, require intense effort to write.

Calhoun

Calhoun

Jackson vs the bank

Jackson photographed