256 / PARADOXES or FORCED LABOR Tables The Relative Level ol Southern Industrialization in 1860 as Revealed by Three Parlial Indexes Southern Index Levels 2 100 INDEX or INDEX or COTTON INDEX or PIG RAILROAD TEXTILE IRON PRODUC- MILEAGE PRODUCTXON TION PER PER CAPITA PER CAPITA CAPITA South 100 100 100 North 108 401 637 Great Britain ‘ 43 1 ,055 2,728 France 16 136 425 Germany 21 87 231 Russia 1 26 60 Aust:ria~HungaI'y 9 64 ‘ 152 Italy 23 _ 16 Netherlands 41 Belgium Denmark Sweden Switzerland Spain Canada India Australia industry and into agriculture. But this is not a necessary consequence of the productivity gain. Similarly, while the gain in productivity might have, raised southern per capita ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE SOUTH, 184041860 / 257 income, this too is not a necessary consequence of economies of scale. The resolution of these issues depends on the values of certain parameters of the demand and supply equations for cotton and other traded goods. The parameters are quite difficult to estimate. Preliminary work suggests that slavery both retarded industrialization and increased per capita in- come. However, it will probably require several years or additional work before the Validity of these preliminary findings is known.